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HEALTH: WHEN DISINFORMATION CAN BE FATAL

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Vaccine campaigns have long been a controversial subject in Pakistan, from the fake polio drive organised by the CIA to track Osama bin Laden to the many conspiracy theories that surrounded the Covid vaccine. Hence, the recent rollout of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine against cervical cancer also faced public scrutiny.

This time, however, the alarm was amplified, since the campaign focused on girls aged 9 to 14, leading to concerns and questions about its impact on fertility and reproductive health.

The HPV vaccine drive’s initial campaign was planned from September 15-27, 2025, but was later extended to October 1. It aimed to immunise 13 million girls aged 9-14 across Punjab, Sindh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and the federal capital Islamabad. In the drive, the vaccine — which has a retail price of Rs7,500 — is being provided free of charge through a partnership between the government of Pakistan, the World Health Organisation and vaccine alliance GAVI.

While vaccinators and public health experts expected resistance, the rate of refusal was shockingly high. On September 24, the state minister for national health revealed that only 34 percent — around 4.5 million girls — had been vaccinated.

The misinformation around the HPV vaccine was so great that it threatened an entire campaign. It was yet another demonstration of how viral online lies can have deadly consequences

A few days earlier, federal health minister Mustafa Kamal had his own daughter vaccinated in front of the press. “The refusal rate was extremely high in the first few days,” Kamal tells Eos. “I realised that the best way to allay parents’ concerns was to get my daughter inoculated,” he adds. Kamal says that it worked, with coverage improving drastically during the remainder of the campaign.

By the end of the campaign, nine million girls had received the shot. But that number could have been higher, if not for the many disinformation campaigns that amplified suspicion and mistrust.

THE DISINFORMATION ECHO CHAMBER

A video on a YouTube channel, called Eon Podcast Reloaded with 176,000 followers, claimed that HPV only affects those with multiple sexual partners and its vaccine causes infertility. The host in the clip, Amanullah Tariq, tied HPV with promiscuity, calling for that to be stopped instead of vaccines to be administered.

In the video, Tariq claims, “as a fact that can be Googled”, that the vaccine’s introduction in India led to the death of 125 girls. A 2010 HPV vaccine pilot in India targeting 30,000 girls was indeed suspended after seven girls died, but an Indian government investigation revealed that none of the deaths were caused by the vaccine.

The podcast has since been removed from the YouTube channel, but snippets remain available online. Tariq claims he is unaware if the video was removed or deleted due to a YouTube strike. The podcaster, who continues to host high-profile guests, also doubled down on his opinions, asserting that he has the right to them, even if they are based on misinformation.

Misinformation also spread through viral videos, including one which has 350,000 views on one post on X (formerly Twitter). It shows schoolgirls fainting, with the caption claiming it was the after-effect of the HPV vaccine. This is just one metric for a video that has been shared multiple times and across platforms, including WhatsApp groups. By the time fact checkers revealed that the claim was fake and the video was from a different event, the damage had already been done.

These are only two examples from an ever-expanding digital universe powered by clicks and views — easiest to acquire through fearmongering — that adversely impacts individuals and families. One such example is Bushra, a schoolteacher in Islamabad, who convinced her sister not to get her niece vaccinated, as she was suspicious of the government. “It could be that Pakistan’s rapidly growing population might have pushed the government to accept an IMF condition to make girls infertile,” she tells Eos.

UNDERSTANDING VACCINE MISINFORMATION

“Whenever vaccines are free or mandatory, people start questioning intentions,” says Dr Naeem Majeed, a public health professional based in Karachi. “Anti-vaxxer movements exist worldwide and have grown stronger with increased online polarisation,” he tells Eos.

Within Muslim-majority countries, Dr Majeed continues, there is a recurring fear that vaccines, especially those targeted at women and girls, will interfere with fertility or family planning. “This perception resurfaces every few years, even though it has no basis in science.”

The HPV vaccine, however, had an added layer of controversy from the start because it targeted adolescent girls. Many young girls themselves began asking why boys were not receiving the vaccine, as misinformation online often framed HPV as exclusively linked to female sexual behaviour.

“Parents dislike the implication that the HPV vaccine is only for people who are sexually active,” Dr Majeed says. “They don’t realise that ‘sexually active’ can mean being active with a single partner later on, even a husband. It has nothing to do with promiscuity.”

While HPV is transmitted through sexual contact and most infections clear naturally, certain strains can cause cervical cancer years or decades later. The vaccine prevents these cancer-causing infections, which is why it’s administered before girls become sexually active — offering protection for their future health.

GENDERED DISINFORMATION

Surprisingly, HPV resistance was higher in urban centres as compared to rural areas, which is the opposite of what public health campaigns usually encounter. Dr Majeed explains that this is largely because urban populations, such as Karachi, consume far more social-media content, where gendered misinformation is spreading aggressively. Rural families, by contrast, are less aware of the vaccine and its controversies, and show lower levels of organised resistance, he adds.

Government restrictions around messaging, imposed due to security concerns, also prevented health workers from addressing misconceptions with full transparency. “Technical experts were not allowed to answer certain questions and that vacuum was quickly filled by online disinformation,” says Dr Majeed.

Beyond misinformation, awareness itself remains low. Cervical cancer has relatively low visibility in Pakistan because most cases are detected after age 45, while the HPV vaccine is administered years earlier. “People know breast cancer,” Dr Majeed continues, “but many have never even heard of cervical cancer, so they assume it’s a new disease or something created by the state.”

However, according to the Aga Khan University Hospital, cervical cancer remains a significant public health threat in Pakistan, with over 5,000 new cases and approximately 3,000 deaths reported annually in the country. 

Despite these challenges, the campaign managed to achieve 77 percent coverage, lower than previous drives but still higher than what many other countries achieved in their first HPV rollout. Routine HPV immunisation will now be incorporated into Pakistan’s schedule for all girls aged nine, beginning January. The campaign phase will not be repeated in the covered regions unless major outbreaks or multi-year gaps occur. However, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, and Gilgit-Baltistan are still pending implementation and are scheduled for campaigns in 2026 and 2027.

But before rolling out the next phase, the government and health experts need to ensure that online misinformation — which has real, offline consequences — is tackled and debunked. In the case of the HPV vaccine, denying an adolescent girl access to immunisation means potentially putting her future health at risk. Parents, teachers, opinion leaders and health experts share a responsibility to exercise due diligence, verify facts and approach public health guidance with care, rather than dismissing it as a state conspiracy without evidence.

Unless that happens, Bushra and many others like her, will continue to resist the vaccine, leaving out girls facing another potential challenge that could have been avoided.

The writer is Research and Grants Lead at the Digital Rights Foundation, Lahore.
She can be contacted at seeratkhan13@gmail.com

Published in Dawn, EOS, November 30th, 2025



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Story time: Echoes of cheating – Newspaper

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Illustration by Sumbul

Talha was doing his homework, but a thought was troubling him, making it hard for him to focus. To find a proper answer, he decided to ask his grandfather.

Talha ran to his room and said, “Dada, today our teacher made us read a chapter from our textbook. It was amazing and interesting, but the moral of the story was ‘once a cheater, always a cheater’.”

Grandfather smiled and said, “Oh! That’s an interesting moral.”

Talha continued, “Yes, Dada, but I was wondering, how can someone always be a cheater if he did it only once?”

“Oh, okay,” his grandfather replied. “Let me tell you a story and I think then you’ll understand this saying more clearly.”

Talha became excited and his grandpa began the story.

“When I was in school, I had a classmate who wasn’t good at studies. He could never pass the class tests, but somehow always got good marks in the finals. This went on until one day, he was caught by our teacher for bringing cheat papers into the examination room. He was about to be suspended, but after apologising and begging for another chance, the principal decided to forgive him.

“Days passed and soon it was time for tests and then the finals again. During one of the exams, I noticed him taking out a tiny chit of paper from his pen cap. His way of cheating was quite clever; he could copy whatever the person beside or in front of him was writing without getting caught. I was shocked to see him still cheating, even after being given his last chance.

“It became unbearable for me, so on the last day of school, I asked him, ‘Didn’t your parents say anything when you were caught cheating or passing exams without studying?’”

“His reply stunned me. He said, ‘My parents just want to see me pass. They don’t care how I do it.’

“Many years later, I met him on the road. I was driving and following all the traffic rules when a traffic policeman gestured for me to stop. I pulled over, a bit confused, as I hadn’t broken any rules. The officer came over and started telling me about the violations I had supposedly made. As I looked at him closely, his face seemed oddly familiar. Just as I was trying to recall where I had seen him before, he asked me for money.

“That’s when it clicked. He was the same boy from my school! I smiled, a bit uncomfortable, and reminded him who I was. We talked briefly about our school days. But deep down, I realised something painful: he was still cheating, only this time under the name of a prestigious force, committing a much bigger wrong,” grandfather concluded.

Talha said, “So even today, he’s cheating our country while being in the police force?”

Grandfather sighed and replied, “Yes, sadly. I hope you now understand my point.

A person isn’t born a cheater, but when they keep doing it again and again, without being corrected, especially by their parents, they eventually become one.”

Talha nodded and said, “Now I understand. It’s true that once a person cheats without any consequences, they can end up becoming a proud cheater.”

Published in Dawn, Young World, December 6th, 2025



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Gen Alpha: the future kids – Newspaper

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Sometimes, I look at you Gen Alpha kids — the ones born from around 2010 all the way to the mid-2020s; growing up with screens and shortcuts for everything, and I’m honestly amazed at how different you are from the rest of us and then I can’t help but think you’ve landed here from the future.

One minute you’re just sitting there, staring at nothing, switching channels or doing your own thing; the next minute, you’re swiping through apps like a professional software developer, faster and smarter. You talk fast, think fast, jump from one topic to another like it’s nothing and somehow manage to understand things even we adults need a tutorial for.

And the funniest part? You don’t even realise how strange and brilliant you look to the rest of us (millennials and Gen Zs). You are expressive, but also confused at times, curious and therefore, mostly glued to screens. You’re all of these tiny contradictions walking around with emotions double your size and hands that somehow know how to use technology better than the people who invented it. Isn’t it?

So yeah… when we talk about Gen Alpha, we’re not just talking about kids. We’re talking about a completely new version of childhood and that’s what this whole article is about.

Gen Alpha, you’re not just the kids of today; you are geniuses, sharp, with extraordinarily intuitive and somehow more grown-up than you should ever have to be. So come join, it’s all about you!

Your world is completely digital

Screens aren’t just a part of your environment… they ‘are’ the environment. And that’s not even your fault; that’s just the world you were born into. And because of this, you can’t separate the “real world” from the “online world.” To you, it’s all one thing.

If someone is your friend in Roblox or Minecraft, you consider them your “friend” — full stop! If someone on YouTube feels comforting, their voice feels familiar, their channel feels like home, then they become a part of your emotional world. Sadly, you have made your digital playgrounds your real playgrounds. Servers are social spaces. Group chats are your version of hanging out. Fandoms become friendships. Isn’t it?

Your reality and your digital imagination blur together and create this world. You make friends across the planet without even thinking twice about it. You speak to kids you may never meet, but somehow you trust them, laugh with them and care about them. You create global friendships without needing permission. You don’t think or take permission to make friends; you just have your way. It is more like, “You like this, I like this, too. I think it’s cool, let’s be friends.”

But that’s not cool, my little friends! There are things you need to take care of before everything else and this one, specifically making connections, comes in the top-most priority to be taken care of.

Illustration by Gazein Khan

You bond in the most effortless way

As I said earlier, most of your world is built online: shared screens, shared characters and shared obsessions. You become inseparable because you and the one you get befriended with both obsess over the same weird video on YouTube shorts. You build Minecraft villages together. You roleplay random scenarios in Roblox. You create entire storylines that only make sense to you and your friend.

Your friendships don’t need deep conversations or childhood traumas or long heart-to-heart discussions, like the generations before you required. If you share a moment, whether stupid or fun, that moment becomes the one strong thread that ties you together.

But trust me, the online world has nothing to do with your real life. So if someone is online with you, doesn’t mean they are your true friends. People vanish, change, block you and ignore you in a blink, and it can hurt more than you expect.

There’s something so unique about you that no generation before you — your great-grandparents, the Boomers, your grandparents from Gen X, your parents who are Millennials, or even the slightly older ones like Gen Z who might be your cousins — can fully understand. And if they watch you, means two Gen Alpha kids talking, it feels as if you’ve come from a completely different world, one they’ve never seen or even read about. Your private jokes, the random sounds you make, the imaginary characters you mention and those tiny dramatic arguments all make perfect sense to you, but not to anyone from another generation.

I read somewhere that Gen Alpha grows up in a world that’s always loud and full. For example, when a Gen Alpha kid opens YouTube, within 30 seconds, he sees a funny video, a sad story, a shocking clip, a cool trend, a scary headline and some influencer showing a “perfect” life. That’s a lot of emotional pressure in just a few seconds. So, of course, you feel things more intensely, because your online world is full of varied stuff.

And that’s what most of today’s Gen Alpha friendships are; one minute you’re best friends forever, sharing snacks or sitting together, and the next minute you’re devastated because your friend didn’t wait for you in the game lobby. Or someone sat with someone else today. Or someone didn’t reply to your message despite the chat box indicating they have seen it.

Therefore, when so much is going on around you and in your life, your friendships take a new turn. You evolve fast. One day, your moods match with someone because of a shared obsession, but just a few days later, you or your friend’s interests change, and that’s when you realise, “Oh… that’s someone else,” and the bond ends. You hang out with another like-minded person, and for how long… well, that’s probably something even you don’t know yet.

You mimic everything you see

The one trait I have observed so much in most of your age group is that you are very good at copying adults, teenagers, influencers, YouTubers, characters from shows and even gamers you admire. You pick up phrases, expressions, habits and even emotional patterns.

Ahh… these phrases just go whoosh over my head sometimes. But for you, this is just everyday language. Skibidi, Fanum Tax, Gyatt, Rizz, NPC, Ohio, Cooked, Sheesh, bro’s wild… the list never seems to end. And I still don’t get why “cap” means lying. Like… who decided that? How did you all just invent an entire dictionary on your own? But that’s exactly the point; it shows how wildly unique your generation is. You didn’t just grow up with a language; you created one.

So, my dear Gen Alpha, watching you is like watching a whole new world unfold. You look at the digital and real world as one; you bond or make friends over tiny moments, which is nothing like what your older generations would have done. And perhaps that’s the whole point: you are making your own rules, some ways of connecting and surviving in this world.

You aren’t just kids; you’re brilliant humans making a version of childhood that’s completely new, somehow messy, extraordinary and real, one that the world hasn’t seen yet.

Published in Dawn, Young World, December 6th, 2025



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EXHIBITION: THE ART OF SLEEP

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Mother and Child, Joaquin Sorolla
Mother and Child, Joaquin Sorolla

Going to sleep is a routine activity for all of us, or a lack of activity if you prefer to call it so. But the idea has never before attracted art experts anywhere in the world to organise an entire exhibition on the subject.

Currently, the Marmottan Monet Museum in Paris is having an unusual exhibit, ‘The Empire of Sleep’, showing some 130 paintings and sculptures thoroughly devoted to the subject of sleep and brought in from museums as well as private collections in foreign countries.

The exhibition includes many mindboggling scenes so far unknown to the public outside the countries of their origin. One such example is the oil work Mother and Child by an early 20th century Spanish painter named Joaquin Sorolla. The large canvas initially appears to be snow-covered sea waves, which in reality are the folds of a silky blanket covering a woman and her baby, both asleep, with only their faces showing under what appears to be a white, cloudy storm.

Another extremely fascinating example, among so many others, is The Poet‘s Dream by the British painter John Faed (1819-1902), in which the dreamer is lying on a wide green hill with the blue sky and grey clouds as background characters. Not much known to global audiences, Faed was well appreciated in his home country during his own lifetime for his many paintings inspired by Shakespeare’s plays.

A museum in Paris has devoted an entire exhibition to a rather unusual subject

One work heavily attracting visitors is The Lady’s Nightmare — a 1781 oil canvas painting by the Swiss painter Henry Fuseli. Like some sort of vision out of Bram Stoker’s Dracula, the painting depicts a woman in a deep, nightmarish sleep, as the Devil and a horrifyingly depicted horse watch on.

Questioned as to why they chose this strange subject for an art exhibition, one of the organisers responds: “Going to sleep is a mysterious adventure, where consciousness leaves its place to slumber. And then come pleasant dreams… or frightening nightmares, it all depends on the circumstances! When you wake up, you could be perturbed by what you’ve just been through, but in most cases rather amused as well!”

The Empire of Sleep’ is on display at the Marmottan Monet Museum in Paris from October 9, 2025- March 1, 2026

The writer is an art critic based in Paris. He can be reached at zafmasud@gmail.com

Published in Dawn, EOS, November 30th, 2025



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