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NON-FICTION : Reconstructing a life – Newspaper

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Indignity: A Life Reimagined
By Lea Ypi
Allen Lane
ISBN: 978-0241661925
368pp.

Lea Ypi rose to fame with the publication of her coming-of-age memoir, titled Free, in 2021. Since then, the book has been translated into more than 30 languages and continues to serve as a must-read book on Albania and the wider Balkans (I am told on a good authority that the book is the favourite read of development consultants and academics on the region).

Lea Ypi’s second book, Indignity, lifts one of Free’s chief characters — her paternal grandmother, Leman Ypi — and reconstructs Leman’s life through a combination of archival research, memory and imagination.

Lea is jolted into this life reconstruction work when a picture of her beaming grandmother on her honeymoon, in 1941 in Cortina in the Italian Alps, is posted on social media. The picture, which Lea had not seen before, attracts internet trolls, with damaging allegations of her grandmother being a fascist collaborator.

This sets Lea on a hunt to discover the real truth about her deceased grandmother and restore her to the pedestal of dignity from the murk of indignities heaped upon her in life and beyond. The resulting search takes her to five countries and eight archives.

The upshot of her archival and imaginative labours is a sheer joy to read. The book offers rich insights into the life and times of Leman Ypi, whose remarkable life straddled the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the emergence of Albania as a newly communist state after the travails of the Italian invasion, and German occupation during the Second World War.

An unjust characterisation leads an Albanian academic and author to research her maternal grandmother’s life and times, offering profound meditations on memory, displacement, colonialism and European power politics

The book begins with a portrait of Leman’s early years in Salonica (now called Thessaloniki), the most cosmopolitan city in Greece, towards the dying days of the Ottoman Empire, in whose service some members of the Leman family, of ethnic Albanian origin, were gainfully employed.

Lea skilfully and imaginatively reconstructs the plural, cosmopolitan milieu of Salonica, composed of many cultural, religious and ethnic mansions. Lea’s portrayal of Salonica reminds me of British historian Mark Mazower’s Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950, which charts the rise and fall of Salonica as the most cosmopolitan and global of the Greek cities.

Lea Ypi

This traumatic and elegiac phase in the life of Salonica, when its multiethnic fabric was being forcefully undone on account of forced population transfers of Turks and Greeks, is deftly handled by Lea Ypi. What was integrated harmoniously over centuries is set to be disintegrated in the wake of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, with huge personal and political privations for those caught up in the drama of the time.

There are hints of resentment and helplessness in the face of the larger scale role of great European powers, through the Treaty of Lausanne and the League of Nations, in population transfers. The League of Nations, a creation of the US President Woodrow Wilson, rather than granting the previously Ottoman-colonised countries the right of self-determination as the key plank of the League, threw them back into the hands of new European colonisers, under the mandate administration.

Lea always lifts her narrative from personal to regional and global forces at work in the brutal unmixing of the harmoniously mixed-up population of Jews, Muslims and Christians of various ethnic and newly national affiliations.

Amid this personal and regional turmoil, in 1936, Leman — then only 18 and still single — makes a courageous decision to move to Albania, a country to which she has never been before. At the time of Leman’s arrival in Tirana, Albania is going through its own political convulsions, triggered by the successive Italian invasion and German occupation of the country, and the emergence of a national resistance movement.

Leman meets Asllan Ypi, the son of Xhafer Ypi, who served briefly as a prime minister of Albania in the early 1920s. Asllan and Leman hit it off well and soon get married. Asllan Ypi, educated in France, and friend of the future communist leader Enver Hoxa from their Paris days, is brimful of radical ideas, acquired from his stay in France.

Asllan’s political radicalism soon falls foul of the Enver-led communist government that came to rule the country after the end of the German occupation. Asllan is duly thrown in prison for his dissident political views and his alleged association with the British intelligence agents operating in Albania. Leman, too, ends up in a forced labour camp, as collateral damage.

Zafo (Xhafer Ypi), the father of the author, is the sole child of the couple (we encounter Zafo struggling to negotiate the adverse consequences flowing from his father’s political activism and incarceration in the first book Free). Lea, an academic philosopher, seems to imagine her characters as physical embodiments of certain lasting values, ideas, ideals and ideologies, for which they often pay a heavy personal price.

In Free, the characters represent some notions of feminism, civil society, neoliberalism, free market democracy, conservatism, Marxism and social democracy. The guiding and structuring concept of this book, however, is dignity. These forms cover a range of trying situations in which one’s innate sense of dignity is tested.

These actions range from Asllan’s criticism of his father’s conduct not measuring up to dignity, Xhafer Ypi’s notion of dignity as consisting in stopping the fires of chaos from spreading as an administrator, Leman’s idea of dignity as the capacity to do the right thing in the face of odds , and Lea’s maternal grandmother Mediha Hanim’s act ensuring that her husband, Ibrahim Pasha, dies a dignified death.

Interestingly, Lea accidentally stumbles upon another Leman Ypi, who is the namesake of her grandmother, in the archives. Besides restoring dignity to her own grandmother, Lea also gives the other Leman Ypi the dignity of a memorial in the final chapter of the book.

As a researcher, Lea sets great store in methodological reflections on her archival research approach and the role of archives in the construction of memory and the reconstruction of hitherto unexplored biographies. Each chapter begins with an extract from the sparse secret service archive and expands into a wider portrait of Leman’s life and times, by filling up the information gaps left in the archive through novelistic imagination and memory recall. In this way, Lea arrives at a considerably rounded view of her grandmother, which is a fitting and lasting retort to her internet trollers.

In the process, the book becomes a well-written and well-crafted gem, offering profound meditations on loss, love, memory, displacement, archival research, migration, colonialism, and European great power politics in the interwar period — issues as urgent in today’s world as they were in Leman’s times.

The reviewer is the author of Thinkers, Dreamers and Doers

Published in Dawn, Books & Authors, December 7th, 2025



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Opinion : From exam stress to result dread

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Illustration by Gazein Khan
Illustration by Gazein Khan

Ahh… the last days of exams and the result looming over. This heavy feeling, it’s too much for any student. But you know, most of us adults can feel it with you, because we went through the same thing years back.

I remember having a few last exams left, and the winter holidays were like a soothing cloud I so much wanted to jump over and enjoy. However, it felt like the exams would never finish. And just when I started thinking, okay, two more left and I’ll be floating on the winter holidays cloud, my mind reminded me, “Wait, you still have to cross one more hurdle — the results.”

Yeah, that whole extra stress waiting at the end. It wasn’t just about finishing the papers; it was about facing whatever comes after. One sheet of paper that will show all my efforts, all my panic and all those late nights.

But chill! Everyone is going through the same feeling. Do you notice your friends, classmates and school fellows walking around with this half-tired, half-relieved face? Some kids smile more, but still have a question mark hiding behind their smile. Others pretend everything to be fine, but you can tell from the way they check their notes again and again that they are still stuck in exam mode.

Teachers also seem tired these days. You can see it on their faces, too! They are done with explaining everything, done with repeating the same instructions, done with students panicking and done with reminding students to do this or that. It’s like everyone is ready for this chapter to end. But the ending always feels incomplete until the final marks come out. That’s the weird circle of academic life. You finish the paper, but the chapter doesn’t close until you see a number or a grade printed on a sheet.

One weird, yet funny, thing about the last week of exams is that you can’t even tell if time is moving fast or slow, can you? Sometimes it feels like exams lasts forever, and the next moment you realise, wait, how did we reach the final paper?

Your bedroom shows a scene of a warzone, as if you fought with your notes, books and copies, while the broken parts of your stationery items serve as your used arsenal. Even though you know most of the papers are done, you still have flashbacks or nightmares of some questions you answered strangely. That one MCQ still haunts you. That one calculation you redid three times, but remained unsatisfied with.

So it’s like you just exist in the mix: relieved, but anxious too. You’re joking with friends and then suddenly you open your notes to check an answer. One moment you’re daydreaming about freedom, the next you’re imagining the result report in your hand. So the last week is always stressful and chaotic. Somehow, that’s exactly how your mind feels, too.

Trust me, most of the kids you see relaxed are not really relaxed, but they are not completely stressed either. I guess that makes it a little easier, somehow, that you are all sailing in the same boat. Waiting to know if you have actually survived all of it.

And the moment the last paper finishes, some kids walk out like soldiers returning home. Others walk out still thinking about the questions. Some rush to their friends to discuss answers. Some forget about everything and just chill out. While some stay quiet as they fight their result anxiety inside and try to stay calm. So everyone deals with it differently, but the ending is the same for all: a slow exhale.

You start imagining possible marks, daydreaming a little, panicking a little, then calming down again. You keep reminding yourself that the break is close. Maybe this winter will feel nicer. Maybe the results won’t be as scary as your mind makes them. Maybe you’ll laugh at this later.

For now, this in-between feeling stays. Heavy but hopeful. Exams are almost closing, winter break is about to start, and that small window of uncertainty is holding all of us in one place.

But it’s okay. This will pass too, and soon you’ll be stepping into the holidays with a lighter heart, knowing you did your best. And sometimes, that really is enough.

Published in Dawn, Young World, December 13th, 2025



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Published in Dawn, Young World, December 13th, 2025



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The quest for happiness

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Dear friends, we are living in an age where technology has changed our way of thinking, behaving and connecting with people. Gadgets have taken over our lives so completely that, at times, we find them more important than our family or friends. This has created a loneliness that you may not realise right now, but it will grow silently and make you feel isolated.

Will you agree with me if I say that, in spite of luxuries and comfortable lifestyles. The majority of people seem to be unhappy or not content with their lives and circumstances? If you think about it deeply, you will surely say that I am right.

Before coming to my point, let me tell you a little about myself. Blessed with a great-grandson about a year ago, I am thankful to the Almighty for a long and productive life. I have seen six generations in my 70-plus years: my grandparents’, parents’, my own, my children’s, my grandchildren’s and now a great-grandson. My childhood was spent in a small, cosy home with strong family bonds. Although my parents were well-off, my siblings and I led a simple life. But we were happy and content.

The world has contracted into a global village during the last few decades, and life has changed at a breakneck speed. I sometimes feel dizzy from the swift changes I have witnessed. At your age, you may not fully comprehend how society has evolved but, with time, you will understand my feelings.

You are blessed with more luxuries and ease than I could have dreamt of. Most of you belong to affluent families, live comfortably, study in prestigious schools and wear expensive branded clothes. But deep down, there is a sense of hollowness in many hearts, as if we are walking on a road to nowhere.

First let us try to understand what it means to be happy. Happiness is a broad feeling that varies from person to person. Broadly speaking, we can describe it as a state of contentment nurtured by positive emotions, being satisfied with yourself, your surroundings and the people who matter to you. Let me discuss some reasons behind the unhappiness or discontent that seems to have gripped so many hearts.

Decreased interaction with people

This is the foremost reason that has changed our lives today. With huge leaps in technology, easy access to the internet and easily affordable gadgets to use, we have become more and more disconnected from family and friends. Most of the time when parents are talking to you, you usually have your eyes on the cell phone screen, hearing only half of what they are saying and responding with an absent-minded nod.

During my childhood, and even when my children were growing up, mealtimes were the most looked-forward-to part of the day. There was much to share, and we were often reluctant to leave the table. Company mattered more than the menu. Now, eating together has become rare. Many prefer television, video games or chatting with friends while eating, sometimes alone in their rooms. But the feelings you get from gadgets are far less satisfying than the personal touch. Your phone cannot hug you like a parent or tease you like a sibling. This personal element has decreased sharply in our lives.

Lack of positive hobbies

Hobbies like reading, gardening, cycling or letter writing have become a part of the past. The joy derived from reading a good book, the satisfaction when you find the seeds you have planted bloom into flowers or vegetables, and writing letters to dear ones and enjoying their replies are all sources of happiness lost to technology.

Bird watching, collecting stamps and coins or simply going out in the open to enjoy nature, were all deep sources of contentment in my childhood. Even seeing a butterfly fluttering on the flowers in our tiny garden gave my siblings and me immense pleasure.

The child of today has no experience of these simple joys. No one seems to have time to read nowadays, and quick messages on phones have totally replaced hand-written letters. The excitement of seeing the postman cycling into your lane and the disappointment when there was no letter for you, are feelings you never witness now.

We seek happiness in material things

In the age of consumerism, quantity has taken over the importance of quality. We think that the more we have of material things, the happier we will be. Shopping for things we seldom use or do not need has become the norm of society. This is simply a race that has no finishing line, so the harder we run to outdo our peers, the more exhausted we become.

To be content with what we can comfortably afford gives us a sense of happiness, but the majority of us do not understand this basic truth.

Illustration by Sumbul
Illustration by Sumbul

Simple tips to find happiness

The reasons for being unhappy or not content with life may be many, but the road to happiness is really simple. Instead of nurturing negative feelings, let us find some easy ways to lead a happy life. According to experts, success doesn’t lead to happiness; it is happiness that leads to success, so if you want to lead a successful life, practice these simple steps to be happier.

Practise gratitude

Your parents may not be as rich as those of your friends, and you may lack material belongings, but instead of nurturing envy or resentment, count your blessings. Your parents may spend more quality time with you, you may have a higher IQ and get better grades than your peers, or your physical and emotional health may be better than your friends.

Be thankful for everything positive in your life and never forget to be thankful to the Creator and your family for all the blessings you have.

Take care of your health

When you are sick or lead an unhealthy lifestyle, you are bound to be moody and irritable. Eating a simple and healthy diet, exercising every day and taking care of personal hygiene will help you to stay healthy.

A healthy body nurtures a healthy brain, which in turn leads a person towards contentment.

Create strong social bonds

I am sure most of my young friends have strong emotional bonds with your parents and siblings. Often, in the fast-paced life we are leading, we forget to express our feelings or feel awkward in doing so.

A word of praise for a sibling, a warm hug for your parents before you retire to bed, or a quickly scribbled thank-you note to them will make both parties happy.

Improve your bonds with your grandparents and extended family, neighbours and friends. Our positive qualities thrive when we connect with people. Leading an isolated life centred on gadgets will only bring loneliness.

Create positive memories

Time spent with our family is pure joy. Mealtimes should bring everyone together, free from gadgets. Taking an interest in discussions during meals, sharing experiences and offering solutions to issues will create happy memories that you will cherish later on in life. Going out together for a drive, or a simple treat of ice cream will make you happier than dining out in expensive restaurants.

Often in nostalgic moments, I remember Daddy or Ammi talking about their childhood pranks, an interesting story about their siblings/family members or simple experiences from their past. These anecdotes brought a visible sparkle to their eyes and a happy smile to their lips. Apart from the positive feelings, these shared moments created a strong bond between us. These beautiful memories still bring a sense of happiness to my heart.

In the end, I would like to tell my dear friends that happiness is an infectious feeling. If you are happy, you will spread this positive vibe to people around you.

Published in Dawn, Young World, December 13th, 2025



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